Advances in Prostate Cancer Research and Treatment

摘要: It is becoming a truism to state that the progress in computer technologies and nanotechnologies, biomedical imaging, molecular biology has made it possible switch from population treatment approach concept based on personalized medicine [1]. The shift individual patient implies use of information derived different actors disciplines which individually do not have capacity propose comprehensive offer [2]. This particularly true field radiation medical oncology as well clinical radiology. main advantage combining preclinical fields lies possibility selecting specific subjects who, most likely, will benefit particular pharmacological or nonpharmacological accordance with their “molecular profile” at given time-point [1, 2]. At same time this may conversely be used select patients for whom risk adverse effects higher 2]. Prostate cancer (Pca) one commonly diagnosed cancers men surgery [3] radiotherapy (RT) [3–5] remain gold standard localized locally advanced Pca. Radiotherapy configured powerful outstanding oncological results impressive technical improvements over last two decades [6]. We now greater understanding mechanisms sustaining biological processes responsible tumor progression [7–12] towards aggressive radio resistant phenotype [13–15]. However, we are aware improvement outcome who high systemic failure achieved by improving each diagnostic therapeutic step including performances conventional imaging modalities [16]. To date, anatomic techniques computed tomography (CT), ultrasound, magnetic resonance (MRI), single-photon emission (SPECT), positron (PET) currently common practice stage suffering Pca [17–20]. All these tools peculiar advantages disadvantages although they play rather limited role monitoring These limitations attributable incapacity distinguish malignant surrounding nonmalignant tissue [16–20]. close integration between ease development new agents useful number events that, until few years ago, were studied assays [17]. With regard Pca, quantification, characterization, timing obtained overcoming problems related amplification low level signals vivo events, integrated platforms sufficiently spatial temporal resolution [18], need reach target achieve satisfactory specificity [16–20]. The advances approaches radiology specifically evident treatments [19]. One striking examples foregoing statements attested enormous amount drugs inhibitors, ability genetically modify cellular systems, introduction multitude able monitor achievements dramatically augmented our body knowledge can translated into allowing detection profiles care [20]. Finally significant advance been theranostics represents research integrating distinct both encompass all steps patients' management [21–23]. Of course, prerequisite such approach. other mainstay biomarkers important processes, determining best course treatment, patient's response detecting potential recurrence disease, anticipating effects. Basically, three application. They include (1) selection (2) prediction drug response, resistance, safety, (3) [21–23]. This much more heart special issue diagnosis prostate cancer. encompasses articles art, advantages, disadvantages, current limitations, future perspectives methods. G. L. Gravina et al., “Strategies androgen receptor signaling pathwayin cancer: implications hormonal manipulationand treatment,” D. Junker “Evaluation PI-RADS scoring system classifying mpMRI findings suspicion cancer,” S. F. Carbone “Diffusion-weighted local recurrences after radical prostatectomy: preliminary evaluation twenty-seven cases,” V. Panebianco “Advanced early prostatectomy,” present methods follow-up therapy. T. Gondek 12-lipoxygenase (12-LOX) plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) prognostic markers M. Srivastava “Diverse ANXA7 p53 LNCaP cells associated regulation SGK1 transcription phosphorylation FOXO3A,” Zazzeroni “KCTD11 suppressor gene expression reduced adenocarcinoma,” Gianfrilli “Sex steroid metabolism benign intact biopsies: profiling intracrinology,” Lanciotti “The M1 M2 macrophages relation extracapsular extension biochemical I. Giusti Dolo, “Extracellular vesicles strategies?,” Van den Broeck single nucleotide polymorphisms predicting decision making,” A. Dimakakos “Novel prognosis, diagnosis, follow-up,” Irelli “Bioclinical parameters driving decision-making subsequent lines metastatic castration-resistant insight some traditional less established laboratory practice. works C. Festuccia “Antitumor saffron-derived carotenoids cell models,” Taurin “A novel raloxifene nanomicelles castrate Colciago “In vitro chronic administration ERbeta selective ligands growth: hypotheses 3beta-adiol AR-positive RV1 cells,” deal innovative treatments. interest report focal treatments, hypofractionated modulated intensified adjuvant cancer, Hirst “Low temperature plasma: therapy cancer?,” Valeriani “Image-guided low-risk patients,” Mantini “Intensified carcinoma: feasibility analysis phase I/II trial,” Barra “Image guided helical tomotherapy toxicity impact Nadir PSA,” Mangoni “Hypofractionation radiobiological basis appliance.”