Energy and air emission effects of water supply.
作者： Jennifer R. Stokes , Arpad Horvath
DOI: 10.1021/ES801802H
关键词: Solar energy 、 Environmental engineering 、 Environmental science 、 Life-cycle assessment 、 Water supply 、 Renewable energy 、 Seawater 、 Desalination 、 Brackish water 、 Geothermal desalination
摘要: Life-cycle air emission effects of supplying water are explored using a hybrid life-cycle assessment. For the typically sized U.S. utility analyzed, recycled is preferable to desalination and comparable importation. Seawater has an energy footprint that 1.5−2.4 times larger than imported water. However, some modes fare better; brackish groundwater 53−66% as environmentally intensive seawater desalination. The annual needs (326 m3) typical Californian met with requires 5.8 GJ creates 360 kg CO2 equivalent emissions. With desalination, use would increase 14 800 Meeting demand California consume 52% state’s electricity. Supply options were reassessed alternative electricity mixes, including average mix United States several renewable sources. Desalination solar th...
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