Carbon and Water Resource Management for Water Distribution Systems

摘要: Water distribution systems (WDS) worldwide face increasing challenges as population growth strains a limited water supply in many areas. In the United States, existing infrastructure require significant investments to refurbish an aging stock of assets. Much this investment is required drinking transmission and distribution, where substantial amount material economic inputs are lost result pipeline leaks. With growing concern for reducing environmental impacts built environment, on scale WDSs must be accurately assessed potential unintended consequences. U.S. have already been identified major consumer energy: it estimated that 13% total electricity demand consumed by water-related energy use.The literature assessment does not provide comprehensive, detailed picture utilities. The current body knowledge either omits common WDS elements or focuses solving theoretical design problems. This research provides framework most comprehensive greenhouse-gas (GHG) emission with accurate data available. presents opportunities incorporating metrics into asset management, popular management strategy used utility managers worldwide. contributors emissions identified, cost-effective solutions GHG recommended. A opportunity reduction lies effectively losses from leaks pipelines. dissertation model, tool, analysis help communicate associated related costs these leaks.This employs life-cycle (LCA) determining footprint WDS. LCA commonly used, holistic method. Products processes analyzed cradle grave which implies all chain entities, both upstream downstream, included assessment. uses hybrid methods reduce uncertainty providing possible.The study four WDS: storage, pipes, wells, pumping. These namely booster pumps, never at level detail previous research. Each element separately contributions utility's footprint. Whenever possible, relevant creating overall model. represents better than previously any literature, often aspects reuses inaccurate work.The scope work includes production, construction, operation, maintenance case Material production entities involved delivering materials use Construction involves equipment temporary assembly installation elements. Operation encompasses delivery customers after construction completed. Determining facet operation tool developed calculate pipe replacement scheduling based leaks.The results system located Western States. draws large, pristine aquifer pumps storage tanks higher elevations create gravity fed system. It has no dedicated lines, high pressure spikes pumping small operating budget created loses 40% pumped treated distribution.The show contributes majority footprint, accounting 84% emissions. Losses, assumed utility, contribute number. Piping (6%) (5%) next largest 50-year period. Projections decarbonization local mix could significantly despite service utility. Assessing options showed concrete reservoirs had steel capacity basis.As were found breakeven give utilities perspective scheduling. tool's accrued quickly matched would replacing pipe, even modest leak increase rates. stark contrast schedule, operates 300-year cycle due constraints.To more context, reported compare different scenarios. comparison allows representatives visualize savings For inputs, avoiding through was revealed cost effective.Although unique uncommon WDSs, such loss volume low treatment model assesses other can applied assessments WDSs. new sources future applications. evidence cost-effectively their entirety targeted reductions policy makers.The intensities effectiveness California Texas. scenario analyses values vary regions requirements, there diminishing returns reduction. Still, determined extremely option carbon abatement when compared solutions, renewable options.