Effects of ischemic preconditioning protocols on skeletal muscle ischemia-reperfusion injury.

摘要: Abstract Background Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) is described as brief ischemia–reperfusion (I/R) cycles to induce tolerance subsequent in response longer I/R insults. Various IPC protocols can be performed four combinations follows: at early or late phases and on local distant organs. Although many experimental studies have been IPC, no consensus has established which protocol most effective. The aims of the present study were (1) compare variables different (in versus phases; remote organ implementations) (2) determine therapeutic protocol(s). Materials methods A subtotal hind limb amputation model with clamping an intact femoral pedicle was used for injury. induced using tourniquet 3 × 10 min before insult. Forty-nine rats divided into seven groups (n = 7), sham, IsO (ischemia only), I/R, ischemic (e-IPC), (l-IPC), (e-RIPC), l-RIPC (late-remote) groups, respectively. In sham group, occlusion not performed. Six hours ischemia challenged group. Three followed by 3 h reperfusion e-IPC group immediately preconditioned, whereas l-IPC preconditioned 24 h injury same limb. e-RIPC contralateral At end experiments, skeletal muscle tissue samples obtained biochemical analysis (Malondialdehyde [MDA], catalase, myeloperoxidase [MPO], nitric oxide products [NOx]), light microscopy, caspase-3 immunohistochemistry determination apoptosis. Results Tissue markers improved nearly all compared (P   0.05). Conclusions All effective reducing Among these protocols, achieved protection.