Unraveling Health Risk and Speciation of Arsenic from Groundwater in Rural Areas of Punjab, Pakistan.

摘要: This study determined the total and speciated arsenic (As) concentrations other health-related water quality parameters for unraveling health risk of As from drinking to humans. Groundwater samples (n = 62) were collected three previously unexplored rural areas (Chichawatni, Vehari, Rahim Yar Khan) Punjab in Pakistan. The mean median groundwater 37.9 12.7 µg·L−1 (range 1.5–201 µg·L−1). Fifty percent showed higher value than WHO safe limit 10 µg·L−1. Speciation 13) presence inorganic only; arsenite (As(III)) constituted 13%–67% arsenate (As(V)) ranged 33% 100%. For assessment, hazard quotient cancer values 11–18 46–600 times recommended US-EPA (i.e., 1.00 10−6, respectively). In addition As, various (e.g., electrical conductivity, Na, Ca, Cl−, NO3−, SO42−, Fe, Mn, Pb) also enhanced risk. results show that consumption As-contaminated poses an emerging threat communities area, hence needs urgent remedial management measures.