Assessment of critical loads and their exceedance on European forests using a one-layer steady-state model

摘要: Critical loads for N, S and total acidity, amounts by which they are exceeded present atmospheric loads, were derived coniferous deciduous forests in Europe using the one-layer steady-state model START. Results indicated that acid exceed critical values approximately 45% of forested area i.e. 52% all 33% forests. The exceeding was nearly equal N (50%) (52%). However, maximum exceedances much higher (up to 12000 molc ha−1 yr−1 Czechoslovakia, Poland Germany) than 3500 Netherlands, Belgium Germany). Furthermore, refer risk increased vegetation changes. Higher values, lower exceedances, found when it related an forest vitality decrease. uncertainty estimated be about ±50% given value. This is mainly due uncertainties chemical criteria have been used. despite involved clear large occur Western Central Europe. coincides with where a decrease has reported.