The complex interaction network among multiple invasive bird species in a cavity-nesting community

摘要: Alien invasive species have detrimental effects on invaded communities. Aliens do not invade a vacuum, but rather community consisting of native and often other alien species. Our current understanding the pathways network interactions among multiple within whole communities is limited. Eradication efforts focus single target species, potentially leading to unexpected outcomes interacting non-target We aimed examine interaction in cavity-nesting birds. studied nesting cavities largest urban park Israel over two breeding seasons. found evidence for complex that includes negative, neutral positive interactions, no synergistic aliens. Three major factors shaped network: timing, preferences ability excavate or widen cavities, which were be limited resource. Cavity enlargement by early-breeding rose-ringed parakeet may enhance common myna previously unavailable holes. The excludes smaller vinous-breasted starling, direct competitor primary nest excavator, Syrian woodpecker. Therefore, management eradication directed towards alone actually release starling from competitive exclusion myna, increasing negative impact community. As here, can crucial shaping invasion success should carefully considered when aiming effectively manage biological invasions.