Oxytocin Release and Milk Removal in Ruminants

摘要: Abstract Before milking, less than 20% of the milk yielded by dairy cows is stored within cistern, where it immediately available for removal. Most milking machine only after ejection, which occurs in response to tactile teat stimulation and oxytocin release. For complete removal, ejection necessary throughout entire process. The continuation stimulatory effect until end is, therefore, essential. Premilking causes induction alveolar before start milking. Thus, bimodal flow curves (i.e., interruption removal cisternal milk) are avoided. Continual dependent on presence elevated concentrations during Any process can disturb Disruption be caused peripheral inhibition effects mammary gland or release central nervous system. Peripheral induced catecholamines through α -adrenergic receptors gland, likely via changes ductal resistance. Inhibition system has been observed primiparous parturition, peak estrus, unfamiliar surroundings; β -endorphin cortisol this situation. However, role endogenous opioid peptides remains unclear. In conclusion, machine-milking, physiological requirements need considered, and, most importantly, stressors must minimized.