Variation in parasitoid attraction to herbivore-infested plants and alternative host plant cover mediate tritrophic interactions at the landscape scale

摘要: Context: Tritrophic interactions may be affected by local factors and the broader landscape context. At small spatial scales, carnivorous enemies of herbivorous insects use herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) to find herbivores, but it is unknown whether variation in attractiveness due differential HIPV emission can enhance recruitment carnivores from wider landscape. Objectives: We studied parasitism caterpillars butterfly Pieris brassicae on white cabbage was influenced composition cover with brassicaceous species that provide hosts for parasitoids P. 19 landscapes Netherlands. also investigated attraction herbivore-infested plants using different accessions as proxies emission. Results: The accession highly attractive parasitic wasps recruited more than a less accession, only when rates were high. Parasitism rate proxy wasp correlated positively area arable land, suggesting these habitats support their population growth. In contrast, forest negatively associated rates. Conclusions: Our study shows degree parasitoids, which probably mediated HIPVs, useful predictor parasitism, needs considered within To understand strength tritrophic crucial consider local-scale processes driven plant-trait combination landscape-scale determine carnivore abundance.