Phylogeny of long-tailed tits and allies inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear markers (Aves: Passeriformes, Aegithalidae) ☆

摘要: Abstract In this paper we provide a molecular phylogeny based on three mitochondrial and nuclear markers for all long-tailed tit species of the genus Aegithalos including several doubtful subspecies (17 taxa) plus close allies SE Asian Leptopoecile North American Psaltriparus . Genus is divided into major clades, two them showing only minor differentiation. Separation mitchondrial haploytpe clusters in N Palearctic Long-tailed Tit, Ae. caudatus , was dated back to Late Pleistocene, however, descendants from both lineages underwent rapid post-Pleistocene range expansion largely mixed over entire distribution area. The Chinese populations glaucogularis group represent slightly earlier Pleistocene split clade. Genetic differentiation among taxa sister clade latter Palearctic/Chinese matches intraspecific within Unexpectedly, cytochrome- b distances Himalayan iouschistos (including bonvaloti China sharpei Myanmar) endemic fuliginosus at approximately 0.5% apparently these extant separated very recently during late times, too. W niveogularis clearly appeared as taxon assemblage. Unlike concinnus shows strong with cyt-b high 6% ssp. iredalei manipurensis Myanmar fourth lineage SW SC talifuensis nominate A sister-group relationship between leucogenys strongly supported. bushtits clear minimus plumbeus which again times. tit-warbler are differentiated one another an early Aegithalidae tree.