Asymmetric effects of electricity regulatory reforms in the EU15 and in the New Member States: Empirical evidence from residential prices 1990–2011

摘要: Abstract This paper shows that there are asymmetric effects of regulatory reforms within two country groups in the EU. We consider EU27 countries, and update enlarge OECD/ETCR indicators up to year 2011. When distinguishing between EU15 countries New Member States (NMS), we find market liberalization reduces price energy while having opposite effect for NMS. The concludes uniform electricity EU apparently have had different shock is not at variance with principles opening, given starting points, but may turn call policy responses, as consumers some NMS faced significant increases a relatively short period time.