The Parasympathetic Nervous System and Heart Failure: Pathophysiology and Potential Therapeutic Modalities for Heart Failure

摘要: Congestive heart failure is associated with essential perturbations in the autonomic nervous system. Early development of failure, there may be defective parasympathetic cardiac control. This occur before, or parallel with, elevation sympathetic tone. Here, we consider alterations that system during initiation and congestive failure. We also targets at various levels affect improve clinical outcomes (survival, measures progressive debilitation, remodeling, to name a few) by unique mechanistic effects exerts on rate, inflammation, endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity, inhibition system, other potential mechanisms. approaches vagus nerve stimulation, designs early trials, some drug interventions have been attempted. In this rapidly emerging field, little data, discuss issues regarding study outcome importance.