Kleptoparasitic interactions throughout the animal kingdom and a re‐evaluation, based on participant mobility, of the conditions promoting the evolution of kleptoparasitism

摘要: Understanding of the conditions encouraging evolution kleptoparasitism has been limited by preponderance attention focused on a number taxa (predominantly birds). However, most animal contain kleptoparasitic members. In many ways, adult birds are aberrant because acrobatic, capable three-dimensional movement, and steal from hosts that similar feats. The mobility kleptoparasites their falls along continuum, with acrobatic at one end sessile other. Considering sedentary systems requires amendments to criteria previously outlined as necessary for kleptoparasitism. Kleptoparasitic interactions between agile participants ephemeral, involve numerous over lifetime kleptoparasite, usually rely vision. Large concentrations large, high-quality food items important in mobile systems. By contrast, long-term, intimate associations demand host not consume kleptoparasite's offspring must either have longer life cycle than kleptoparasite or be located aggregations staggered cycles (so can move new when original dies). Expanding studies other will differentiate selective pressures evolutionary responses universal among symbioses those restricted certain groups. © 2008 Linnean Society London, Biological Journal Society, 2008, 93, 745–762.