The reproductive consequences of male cooperation in the red howler monkey: paternity exclusion in multi-male and single-male troops using genetic markers

摘要: Variance in male reproductive success single and multi-male red howler (Alouatta seniculus) troops was examined through paternity exclusion using genetic markers. Coalitions of relatives were compared to coalitions non-relatives with regard duration, stability, number offspring expected for each participant based on results. No evidence by males living outside the troop found. In troops, only dominant found father conceived during his tenure. This observed mount females. both genetically wherein a status change had occurred, changed status. potential lasted significantly longer than non-relatives, experienced fewer changes between males. A direct advantage forming coalition subordinate resulted from superior competitive ability over establishing maintaining tenure limited female population. Although mating appears be extremely low, chances achieving membership bisexual as may even lower. Since majority population any given year or age-graded (85%–96%), that would able invade unaided very small. assume dominance, particularly if he is subadult. which are related, will further benefit inclusive fitness. forms relative can expect have non-relative, thereby producing more directly enhancing Anecdotal suggests choose partners when possible.