Implementing groundwater extraction in life cycle impact assessment: characterization factors based on plant species richness for The Netherlands.

摘要: An operational method to evaluate the environmental impacts associated with groundwater use is currently lacking in life cycle assessment (LCA). This paper outlines a calculate characterization factors that address effects of extraction on species richness terrestrial vegetation. Characterization (CF) were derived for The Netherlands and consist fate an effect part. factor equals change drawdown due expresses amount time required replenishment. It was obtained grid-specific steady-state flow model. Effect from level response curves potential plant richness, which constructed based soil moisture requirements 625 species. Depending initial level, range up 9.2% loss per 10 cm decrease. total Dutch CF depended value choices taken ranged 0.09 0.61 m(2)·yr/m(3). For tap water production, we showed can be responsible 32% ecosystem damage. With proposed approach, ecosystems systematically included LCA.