A Theory for the Indian Ocean Dipole–Zonal Mode*

摘要: Abstract Four fundamental differences of air–sea interactions between the tropical Pacific and Indian Oceans are identified based on observational analyses physical reasoning. The first difference is represented by strong contrast a zonal cloud–SST phase relationship warm cool oceans. in-phase in oceans leads to negative feedback, while significant cold tongue much weaker thermodynamic damping. second arises from reversal basic-state wind tilting ocean thermocline, which distinctive effects waves. third lies existence Asian monsoon its interaction with adjacent fourth that southeast Ocean region where positive atmosphere–ocean feedback exists boreal summer. A conceptual coupled model was constructed aimed understand th...