Adjuvant Properties of Aluminum and Calcium Compounds

摘要: Aluminum compounds, including aluminum phosphate (AIPO4), hydroxide [Al(OH)3], and alum-precipitated vaccines (historically referred to as protein aluminate), are currently widely used with human vaccines. These adjuvants have often been “alum” in the literature. Alum, which chemically is potassium sulfate [KA1(SO4)2.12H2O], has not an adjuvant such. Rather, it was partially purify antigens, mainly tetanus toxoid (TT) diphtheria (DT) by precipitating them presence of anions bicarbonate ions resulting a mixture (Holt, 1950; Aprile Wardlaw, 1966). The amounts depended on amount nature present reaction adjustment pH final product sodium (Relyveld, 1986; Nicklas, 1992). Although TT DT had for immunization many years, their use declined considerably because variations production toxoids (van Ramshorst, 1949; Holt, 1966; Gupta et al., 1993). Referring all misleading different physical characteristics (see Chapter 9) differ properties.