Relationships Between Livestock Damages and Large Carnivore Densities in Sweden

摘要: Promoting co-existence between humans and their physical ecological environment, including wildlife, has been given an increased importance due to a recent shift of society become environmentally sustainable. However, large carnivores have in conflict throughout history. One the most prominent reasons for this is damages livestock domestic animals. Population reduction or even local eradication often used as damage mitigation strategy. population be effective tool limiting carnivore damages, number need positively related densities. Sweden country northern Europe with frequent human-carnivore conflicts, spurred by intense polarized public debate. Here, we use 20-year data set on brown bear (Ursus arctos), Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) wolf (Canis lupus) evaluate if temporal variation densities caused equivalent cattle, sheep dogs, such relationships differ species types, there were geographic scale dependencies these relationships. We observed contradictory effects which included both positive negative density depending species, type, area spatial scale. These results suggest that may not necessarily method damages. They also highlight can highly context dependent. Damage strategies therefore very flexible over time space. Because discrepancies our results, are dependent, other factors than size regional populations many cases more important determinants. recommend further studies identifying contexts influence animals, well aimed at