Bilevel Programming Model of Private Capital Investment in Urban Public Transportation: Case Study of Jinan City

摘要: Increasing public transportation subsidies have created fiscal pressures for governments. To ease this financial pressure, Chinese government strongly encourages private capital investment in transportation. However, previous investments operations largely failed, mainly due to low ticket fares that cannot support sustainable operations. address issue, several research projects developed methods facilitate investment. The majority of the focuses on qualitative analysis and value money analysis. Our proposed a new method based concept “passenger value.” feasibility was analyzed quantitatively by constructing bilevel programming model. model verified sample Jinan city traffic. Results showed effective increases total societal benefit from system additionally considering value” is superior traditional one. A quantitative tool provided evaluate effects, design policies, develop further research.