Which male and female characteristics influence the probability of extragroup paternities in rhesus macaques, Macaca mulatta?

摘要: Extragroup paternity (EGP) is found across a wide range of species and may entail reproductive benefits, but also costs to both sexes. While population group parameters affecting the degree EGPs are relatively well established, less known about individual characteristics that make males females engage in alternative tactics such as EGP. Applying combination long-term demographic genetic data from rhesus macaque Cayo Santiago (Puerto Rico, U.S.A.), we investigate which male female influence probability EGP better understand circumstances shape distribution occurrence Our results show that, against our expectations, higher-ranking were more likely produce offspring than lower- ranking females. The producing extragroup was not significantly related or age, tenure previous success. Furthermore, relatedness between parents did affect production offspring, frequently produced early rather late given mating season. Altogether, analysis suggests attributes seasonal aspects create different opportunities preferences for engaging an tactic. observed patterns macaques appear be consistent with mate choice needs confirmed future studies.