Dynamic modeling of cadmium substance flow with zinc and steel demand in Japan

摘要: Abstract The demand for cadmium has gradually decreased lately, because of its toxicity and consequent regulations. However, is coproduced in zinc smelters, therefore the production ingots emissions are inevitably affected by demand. Most used galvanizing steel, it interest to investigate linkage between flow steel In addition, secondary batteries, Ni–Cd alloys, etc. Therefore, a substantial amount still being stocked discarded form products, management contained these end-of-life products further required future. To describe stock Japan, dynamic substance analysis was conducted this study. cadmium, quantitatively expressed: 1 t galvanized sheet requires approximately 20 kg zinc, which induces 90 g production. emission intensity into air range 0.189–0.296 g Cd/t Zn, whereas water more than 50% during 2003–2008. It likely that in-use have already passed their peak, recently. recovery rate from batteries increased. estimated 80%, or 700 t, significant proportion total 840 t had not been recovered 2008. might gone landfill incineration plants, stored away households. reduce emissions, needs be enhanced. consumption ore, results decrease primary production, also suggested sustainable use e.g., CdTe photovoltaic systems as raw material, should investigated.