Anthropogenic cycles of the elements: a critical review.

摘要: A cycle is the quantitative characterization of flows a specific material into, within, and from given system. An anthropogenic elemental can be static (for point in time) or dynamic (over time interval). The about 350 publications collected for this review contain total 1074 individual determinations, 989 85 dynamic, 59 elements; more than 90% have appeared since 2000. cycles are varying quality completeness, with 80% at country- territory-level, addressing 45 elements, 5% global-level, 30 elements. Despite their limitations, often been successful revealing otherwise unknown information. Most elements which no exist radioactively unstable used rarely small amounts. For variety reasons, only perhaps dozen well characterized. all others, limited nonexistent, our knowledge types uses, lifetimes those international trade, losses to environment, rates recycling quite limited, thereby making attempts evaluate resource sustainability particularly problematic.