Associations between dairy foods, diabetes, and metabolic health: Potential mechanisms and future directions

摘要: Epidemiological evidence supports an inverse relationship between adequate intake of dairy foods and susceptibility to type 2 diabetes (T2D). The biological mechanisms responsible for this association remain be established. This review provides a current perspective on proposed that may underlie these effects, highlights how randomized clinical trials can applied investigate relationships. Results from epidemiological studies generally support consumption milk products is associated with lower incidence T2D or improvements in glucose homeostasis indices, animal cell models positive effect dairy-rich diets components metabolic inflammation factors relevant insulin resistance. Emerging indicates alter mitochondrial function (e.g., leucine actions silent information regulator transcript 1 (SIRT1)-associated pathways), promote gut microbial population shifts, influence cardiovascular Ca-regulated peptides calcitonin gene-related peptide [CGRP] calcitonin) should considered as possible mechanistic linking risk T2D. possibility dairy-derived trans-palmitoleic acid (tC16:1) has bioactivities also been proposed. Pre-clinical focusing specifically parameters are needed validate hypotheses regarding the potential roles their determinants tolerance, particularly sensitivity, pancreatic endocrine function, individuals at-risk development. Such experiments would complement add base recommendations individual components.