Carl Ludwig: the man, his time, his influence.

摘要: Carl Ludwig (1816-1895) was the driving force in foundation and development of scientifically based experimentally oriented physiology against natural philosophy vitalism that prevailed during first quarter 19th century Germany. He representative a small group young, highly talented dynamic physiologists aiming at implementing laws physics chemistry as only active forces physiologic processes. These "organic physicists" included Emil du Bois-Reymond (1818-1896), Ernst Brucke (1819-1892), Hermann Helmholz (1821-1894). wrote program this form textbook considered revolutionary, provocative premature. His academic life, his inventions discoveries, scientific achievements, influence personality are reviewed. Since every person can be viewed context time, political background, economic social situation, conditions for science research well cultural climate were characteristic decisive years described to some extent. It is shown contemporary organic physicists lived grew into science- research-oriented period which had been prepared paved by men like Johannes Evangelista Purkinje (1787-1869), Heinrich Weber (1795-1878), Alfred Wilhelm Volkmann (1800-1877), Muller (1801-1858) Gustav Theodor Fechner (1801-1887). They benefited from enormous contributed it large significant extent so ultimately turned out most productive influential history German physiology. Some numerous scholars who studied with carried approach 20th century: Adolf Fick (1829-1901), Otto Frank (1865-1944), Iwan Petrowitsch Pawlow (1849-1936) Henry Pickering Browditch (1840-1911).