A successful local economic development-urban renewal initiative : a case study of the Mandela Bay Development Agency

摘要: Despite the urgent need for local economic development in South Africa, Local Economic Development (LED)  as area of professional endeavour/activity has largely failed to live up this need. In article, an  alternative approach development, which involved a ‘bottom-up’ urban renewal  is explored. The renewal work Mandela Bay Agency (MBDA) Nelson Metropolitan Municipality used case study ‘successful example an LED-initiative’. By taking  into account needs customer (or community), respect difference, conscious drive to  ensure participation of, and benefit all affected parties, keeping eye on ball, desire learn innovate, pragmatic action-orientation, MBDA achieved success its development  initiatives. value article lies experience lessons learned, overall understanding planning, necessity planning respond economy particular city