The nasal cavity and its olfactory sensory territories.

摘要: The sense of smell is more complex than previously believed. For different reasons, the receptors traditionally thought having ability to identify chemical olfactory signals were exclusively confined epithelium mucosa lining both posterior part walls nasal cavity and ethmoturbinates. However, at end nineteenth century, vomeronasal organ (VNO) was demonstrated have its own sensory epithelium, able perform a similar function (Retzius, 1894). In later years, small isolated area detected in septum (Rodolfo-Masera, 1943); this structure denominated septal organ. Later evidence showed group cells located on superior anterior vestibuli (Gruneberg, 1973) also had functional role within system (Fuss et al., 2005). These findings led being currently accepted that certain macrosmatic animals are four regions cavity: main (MOE), (VnE), (SO), ganglion Gruneberg (GG). Besides, subdivision MOE VnE can be done into two areas respectively. Following morphological criterion four/eight structures integrate subsystems (OSbS) (Breer 2006). axonal projections those onto bulb been observed show overlapping (Munger 2009), concept OSbS should limited location mentioned structures. That point view has used Research topic. To begin understand as whole mammalian class, one biggest challenges we confronted with find answers some basic critical questions as, for instance: what exactly GG, VNO SO, their precise functions? How connections between them how does each interact MOE? What happens if or such absent particular species? From an evolutionary perspective, it reasonable assume partial total response these others found, but would require genome species, deep knowledge characteristics structure. Many recent studies contributed progress smell, most relevant work Buck Axel (1991), where authors laid molecular foundations odor recognition (see Axel, 2005; Buck, Another significant concerns implication subsystem (MOS) pheromonal signals, performed by three laboratories published same year (Boehm Mandiyan Yoon see Baum Larriva-Sahd, 2014). papers not only important MOS plays sexual aggressive behavior, revealed anatomical projection from LHRH neurons neuroendocrine hypothalamus, which regulate gonadal hormone release (Keverne, Such revolutionized our understanding over controls brain. classical belief common odors perceived through pathway pheromones dead. Each must assessed putative pheromone (Shepherd, 2006). This Topic includes, introduction, interesting opinion article (Mori 2014) establish new appealing relationship perception respiratory rhythm, involved central like cortex. morphology addressed Salazar's articles. first presents on-line atlas murine cavity, freely available http://www.usc.es/anatembriol/ (Barrios 2014a); second, results points out dog lacks mouse, SO GG 2014b). The when present, patch forming island near inferior septum. This organization shows resemblance typical distribution epithelia humans (Escada therefore less attention paid, exact opposition occurs GG. nice paper Brechbuhl al. (2014), using procedures, presence rat, hamster gerbil, found species physiological differences. Finally, five articles devoted various aspects VNO. Ackels (2014) study characterization recently discovered formyl peptide receptor family suggest use transgenic mouse strain model they employed carry future research about subject. A mini review basal neuroepithelium contribution Perez-Gomez (2014). work, highlight ranges instinctive behaviors. Also mice, previous reference, Cavaliere direct orbital glands means detection exocrine gland-secreting peptides. last contributions deal genetic approach. elegant Hohenbrink present expression patterns primate, time demonstrate substantial number expressed MOE. Therefore, chemosensory primates indicates greater overlap MOE, very finding. Yoder Larsen mainly focused molecular-evolutionary dynamics genes1 primates; update issue, closely related goal Topic.