Extracellular Vesicles: Roles in Human Viral Infections, Immune-Diagnostic, and Therapeutic Applications

摘要: Membrane-bound vesicles that are released from cells increasingly being studied as a medium of intercellular communication, these act to shuttle functional proteins, such lipids, DNA, rRNA, and miRNA, between during essential physiological processes. Extracellular (EVs), most commonly exosomes, consistently produced by virus-infected cells, they play crucial roles in mediating communication infected uninfected cells. Notably, pathophysiological for EVs have been established various viral infections, including human immune deficiency virus (HIV), coronavirus (CoV), adenovirus (HAdv). Retroviruses, HIV, modulate the production composition EVs, critically, viruses can exploit EV formation, secretion, release pathways promote infection, transmission, spread. Consequently, has investigated potential tool development improved infection diagnostics therapeutics. This review will summarize our present knowledge EV-virus relationships, focusing on their known pathways, immunomodulatory mechanisms, utility biomarker discovery. also discuss be exploited diagnostic treatment tools infection.