A meta‐analysis of studies on attitudes toward bears and wolves across Europe 1976–2012

摘要: The ranges of wolves (Canis lupus) and bears (Ursus arctos) across Europe have expanded recently, it is important to assess public attitudes toward this expansion because responses these species vary widely. General an object are good predictors broad behavioral patterns; thus, can be used as indicators the social foundation for future conservation efforts. However, most attitude surveys limited in scope, both temporally spatially, provide only a snapshot attitudes. To extend results individual over much larger temporal geographical range so identify transnational patterns changes time, we conducted meta-analysis. Our analysis included 105 quantitative 24 countries from 1976 2012. Across Europe, people's were more positive than wolves. Attitudes became but seemed become less favorable longer people coexisted with them. Younger educated had who experienced damage species, farmers hunters general public. For among groups did not differ. inform large carnivores, recommend that standardized longitudinal established monitor time relative carnivore population development. emphasize need interdisciplinary research field advanced explanatory models capable capturing societal policy management.