Particle Fluxes, Distribution Functions and Violation of Invariants

摘要: This chapter comes down from the lofty heights of pure theory and introduces concept flux an ensemble adiabatically behaving particles. It defines corresponding physical concepts differential directional that ubiquitous distribution function as average quantities linking actual particle ensembles with macroscopic, measurable like mass, charge, number energy densities; bulk velocity; pressure temperature. Particular attention is given to transformation phase-space related coordinates transformations function. A whole section dedicated tensors definitions, meaning their components, especially perpendicular parallel pressures in case a magnetically trapped charged In definition temperatures we try deactivate usual tendency associate these Maxwellian velocities, showing even mono-energetic mono-pitch angle particles can have both. The example static examined detail. Another mapping invariant Φ, J, M space expressions, including mutual relations functions phase other coordinate spaces. concludes brief discussion diffusion, emphasis on processes involved effects Fokker-Planck equation derived for radial diffusion case, some general qualitative rules determination coefficients are given.