Intrauterine position effects.

摘要: A review of the literature suggests that individual variability in sex-related traits may be influenced by variations hormonal exposure during fetal development. In litter-bearing mammals, fetuses develop utero and subjected to differing environments based upon sex neighboring fetuses. Female developing between two males tend show masculinized anatomical, physiological behavioral as adults. without adjacent males, on other hand, more feminized These include permanently altered hormone levels, reproductive organs, aggressive behaviors, secondary ratios susceptibility endocrine disruption. This intrauterine effect is due transfer testosterone from male While these effects have been most clearly demonstrated mice, rodents swine also position (IUP) effects. Some are similar influence prenatal stress adult phenotypes. few reports human twins suggest some masculine feminine signals. IUP impact a number scientific fields research such disruption, toxicology, population biology, animal production health.