Higher than … or lower than ….? Evidence for the validity of the extrapolation of laboratory toxicity test results to predict the effects of chemicals and ionising radiation in the field.

摘要: Abstract Single species laboratory tests and associated sensitivity distributions (SSDs) that utilise the resulting data can make a key contribution to efforts prospective hazard assessments for pesticides, biocides, metals ionising radiation research regulatory risk assessment. An assumption underlies single based toxicity testing approach when combined in SSD models is of sensitivities chemical measured across range inform on likely effects communities present field. Potential issues with validity this were already recognised by Van Straalen Denneman (1989) their landmark paper methodology. In work, they identified eight major factors could potentially compromise extrapolation Factors covered related differences chemistry (e.g. bioavailability, mixtures); environmental conditions (optimal, variable), ecological (compensatory, time-scale) population genetic structure (adaptation, meta-population dynamics). This outlines evidence pertaining influence these different as compared field focussing especially terrestrial ecosystems. Through radiological ecotoxicological research, each factor translation observed from available all cases. The importance some factors, such bioavailability between ubiquity exposure mixtures clearly established has relevance protection. However, other test (optimal vs sub-optimal) development tolerance may be relevant case basis. When SSDs generated have been used predict field, results indicated often seem under-predict impacts, although also due non-chemical stressors affecting at polluted sites. A better understanding main help reduce uncertainty during