Evidence for morphological and adaptive genetic divergence between lake and stream habitats in European minnows (Phoxinus phoxinus, Cyprinidae)

摘要: Natural selection drives local adaptation, potentially even at small temporal and spatial scales. As a result, adaptive genetic phenotypic divergence can occur among populations living in different habitats. We investigated patterns of differentiation between contrasting lake stream habitats the cyprinid fish European minnow (Phoxinus phoxinus) both morphological genomic levels using geometric morphometrics AFLP markers, respectively. also used correlative approach to identify loci associated with environmental variables representing potential selective forces responsible for adaptation divergent Our results identified morphologies lakes streams, presenting deeper body caudal peduncle compared fish. Body shape variation conformed priori predictions concerning biomechanics swimming performance vs. streams. Moreover, was found be several variables, which could impose on shape. these form 'outlier' (2.9%) whose exceeded neutral expectations. detected additional (6.6%) not habitat type (lake stream), but contributing populations. Specific related trophic dynamics, landscape topography geography were outlier loci. These provide new insights into basis differentiated