Advances in Geometric Morphometrics

摘要: Geometric morphometrics is the statistical analysis of form based on Cartesian landmark coordinates. After separating shape from overall size, position, and orientation configurations, resulting Procrustes coordinates can be used for analysis. Kendall space, mathematical space induced by coordinates, a metric that approximated locally Euclidean tangent space. Thus, notions distance (similarity) between shapes or length direction developmental evolutionary trajectories meaningfully assessed in this Results techniques preserve these convenient properties—such as principal component analysis, multivariate regression, partial least squares analysis—can visualized actual deformations. The its relabeled reflection measure bilateral asymmetry. Shape extended to augmenting with natural logarithm Centroid Size, size geometric uncorrelated small isotropic variation. thin-plate spline interpolation function standard tool compute deformation grids 3D visualizations. It also central estimation missing landmarks semilandmark algorithm, which permits include outlines surfaces morphometric powerful visualization tools typically large amount variables give rise specific exploratory style allowing identification quantification previously unknown features.