The economics of crowding in rail transit

摘要: Abstract We model trip-timing decisions of rail transit users who trade off crowding costs and disutility from traveling early or late. With no fare a uniform fare, ridership is too concentrated on timely trains. Marginal-cost-pricing calls for time-dependent fares that smooth train loads generate more revenue than an optimal fare. The welfare gains are unlikely to increase as grows. However, imposing raises the benefits expanding capacity by either adding trains increasing capacity. illustrate these results calibrating Paris RER A system.