The role of batteries in meeting the PV terawatt challenge

摘要: Summary What role have batteries to play in the transition toward terawatt levels of photovoltaics? In this perspective, we attempt answer question by looking at technical, economic, and ecological features PV-battery systems. We argue that window opportunity for lies capacities a few kWh/kWP, exact amount depending on various factors including battery cost, degradation rate, location, load profile, diversification renewable energy sources, interconnections. Using simple PV plus model, illustrate such storage efficiently reduce fluctuations electricity generation, enabling higher adoption rates competitive costs, with carbon footprint is least five times lower than current mixes. sensible capacities, are powerful companion solar energy, yet policy innovations needed expand adoption. see longer lifetimes low capacity most impactful technological parameters. Economic efforts should aim balance plant costs create better market opportunities stationary storage, whereas policies provide strong regulatory framework facilitate multipurpose usage sector coupling.