Operation-specific effects of numerical surface form on arithmetic strategy.

摘要: Educated adults solve simple addition problems primarily by direct memory retrieval, as opposed to counting or other procedural strategies, but they report using retrieval substantially less often with in written-word format (four + eight) compared digit (4 8). It was hypothesized that efficiency is relatively low word operands digits and this promotes a shift backup strategies. Consistent hypothesis, Experiment 1 demonstrated greater word-format costs on usage for than subtraction, which due increased not subtraction. 2 division multiplication, use of multiplication-fact reference problems. Format-related strategy shifts away from reflected both the given operation availability viable alternative The results demonstrate calculation processes are abstracted problem surface form. authors propose arithmetic connects diverse performance strategy-related effects across key factors, including operation, numerical size, numeral format.