Muscular control of the vocal tract during release signaling in the toadBufo valliceps

摘要: The release vibration and call of Bufo valliceps have been studied by electromyography the muscles involved, coupled with pressure sound recording. sequences are powered contraction body envelope energy transmitted via compressed pulmonary contents. Each pulse a starts as laryngeal relax forces arytenoid cartilages apart. Sound emission ceases when dilators pull arytenoids out airstream. Reverse flow air from buccal cavity to lungs may occur within prolonged sequences. Inflation vocal sac results in marked increase amplitude radiated without equivalent myograns. is intimately associated pulsepumping method breathing used frogs.