Bird interactions with offshore oil and gas platforms: review of impacts and monitoring techniques.

摘要: Thousands of oil and gas platforms are currently operating in offshore waters globally, this industry is expected to expand coming decades. Although the potential environmental impacts activities widely recognized, there limited understanding their on migratory resident birds. A literature review identified 24 studies reports bird-platform interactions, most being qualitative half having been peer-reviewed. The frequently observed effect, for seabirds landbirds, attraction sometimes collisions associated with lights flares; episodic events have caused deaths hundreds or even thousands Though typically unpredictable, anecdotally, it known that poor weather, such as fog, precipitation low cloud cover, can exacerbate effect nocturnal lights, especially when coincidental bird migrations. Other effects include provision foraging roosting opportunities, increased exposure hazardous environments, predators, repulsion from feeding sites. Current approaches monitoring birds at focused observer-based methods which offer species-level identification, quantify seasonal patterns relative abundance distribution, document avian mortality underlying factors. Observer-based time-intensive, spatial temporal coverage, suffers without clear protocols not conducted by trained, independent observers. These difficulties exacerbated because deleterious interaction likely requires coincidence multiple factors (e.g., darkness, cloud, rain conditions, occurrence vicinity). Collectively, these considerations suggest a need implement supplemental systems around platforms. Instrument-based approaches, radar, cameras, acoustic recordings, telemetry, hold promise continuous monitoring. Recommendations provided rigorous comprehensive approach within an adaptive management framework.