Foreign Policy Decision-Makers Viewed Psychologically: Cognitive Processes Approaches

摘要: Foreign policy analysis has been dominated by approaches that conceptualize the acting unit as a “unitary rational actor,” but many of more interesting studies past few years have pointed to several limitations and inadequacies such models. Norms interactions within decision-making group may serve certain needs (emotional support, feelings solidarity, like) members. However, dynamics also some dysfunctional consequences for quality decisions inhibiting search or cutting it off prematurely, ruling out legitimacy options, curtailing independent analysis, suppressing forms intra-group conflict might clarify goals, values options. Organizational norms, routines, standard operating procedures shape perhaps distort structuring problems, channeling information, utilization expertise, implementation executive decisions. The bureaucratic politics branch government whole significantly constrain manner in which issues are defined, range options be considered, implemented subordinates.