Self-enforcing International Environmental Agreements with Costly Monitoring for Compliance

摘要: Theoretical analyses of international environmental agreements (IEAs) have often employed the concept self-enforcing to predict number parties such an agreement. The term self-enforcing, however, is a bit misleading. refers stability cooperative agreements, not enforcing compliance with these once they are in place. In this paper we analyze IEA game which agreement finance independent monitor who audits performance members These reveal instances noncompliance so can be sanctioned. We find that costly monitoring limits circumstances under cooperation protect environment worthwhile, but when IEAs do form will involve greater participation than require monitoring. Consequently, produce higher quality. Moreover, certain conditions, aggregate welfare