Waterfowl Toxicology: A Review

摘要: Waterfowl populations may serve as sentinel species for natural and anthropogenic toxicologic problems in the environment. Unfortunately, many toxins cause nonspecific clinical signs, acute mortality, subtle or no pathologic changes, making investigations extremely difficult. The purpose of this article is to review important waterfowl toxins, including heavy metals, pesticides, botulism, mycotoxins, algal petroleum oil. When applicable, diagnosis, findings, treatment are discussed. Although most information literature based on wild experimental investigations, also applicable captive populations.