Psychological and physiological stressors

摘要: Abstract Stressors posed by the external and internal environment are divided into two main categories: physiological psychological. These categories not mutually exclusive their classification is based on differences in perception registration of relevant stimuli afferent pathways that mediate and/or may modulate stress responses. This chapter summarizes compares mechanisms, activated circuits, as well transcriptional, hormonal, autonomic responses to psychological challenges. While both type stressors initiate complex adaptive directly target homeostatic parameters, transduced via viscerosensory pathways, recruit various somatosensory nociceptive afferentations, information processed through cortical limbic circuits include cognitive, learned, emotional components. Functional anatomical mapping strategies induction immediate-early genes (i.e. c-fos) identified corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)-synthesizing parvocellular neurons a common stressors. At cellular level, double imaging technique revealed even neurosecretory respond differentially categorically distinct paradigms. Significant have also been found at medullary (nucleus solitary tract), subcortical, areas (amygdala bed nucleus stria terminalis) involved mediation stress-related hypophysiotropic neurons. In addition, contains brief summary laboratory used human subjects.