Multiple methods increase detection of large and medium-sized mammals: working with volunteers in south-eastern Oman

摘要: We compared the effectiveness of various methods for surveying medium and large wild mammals in southern Oman. Working with volunteers recruited by Biosphere Expeditions, wildlife professionals local rangers, we used direct observation, camera traps, sign surveys (tracks and/or dung) molecular scatology to study 66 sampling units 2 × km (grid cells) an area 32 36 during a 4-week period February–March 2011. Sixteen mammal species were recorded, largest numbers recorded traps (both n = 9); surveys, sightings DNA across number grid cells. For sample size enough comparison (i.e. detected ≥ 8 cells), proved most effective detecting caracal Caracal , signs hyaena Hyaena ibex Capra nubiana porcupine Hystrix indica hyrax Procavia capensis mountain gazelle Gazella gazella . Clustering, which records from multiple are either adjacent or overlapping, was highest (≥ 76%) wolf Canis lupus porcupine, gazelle. Our results indicate best detect record distributions individual area, demonstrate advantage using reduce risk false absences partial detections. findings also highlight potential clustering as means cross-checking observations that skill-dependent, is particularly useful when employing workforce.