Control of Erosion, Inundation, and Salinity Intrusion Caused by Sea Level Rise

摘要: The most important direct physical effects of a significant rise in mean sea level are: coastal erosion, shoreline inundation owing to higher normal tide levels plus increased temporary surge during storms, and saltwater intrusion primarily into estuaries groundwater aquifers (see Ippen, 1966; Komar, 1976; Sorensen, 1978; Todd, 1980, for basic discussions these phenomena). With few exceptions, will increase the normally adverse phenomena. In many areas, economic considerations not justify response effects. Where is justified, it may be political (zoning prevent growth areas potential erosion), structural (building dikes control or barriers aquifers) or, likely, combined political/structural response. This chapter describes methods controlling inundation, salinity caused by rise, including typical costs expected general effectiveness (in light anticipated scenarios). Both "hard" "soft" responses are presented. term hard structures refers tostructures such as seawalls levees. Soft include artificial beach nourishment counter erosion flooding injection water well along coast develop intrusion, barrier an aquifer. cost any method extremely site dependent quite variable from site. next section this covers while third discusses intrusion. Inundation major cause of, difficult separate from, shore where active; thus two presented together. Each discusses, necessary, processes involved intrusion; approaches used phenomena; details specific their effectiveness. final summarizes key points suggests how might applied at given