Putative antibiotic resistance genes present in extant Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus paralicheniformis strains are probably intrinsic and part of the ancient resistome

摘要: Whole-genome sequencing and phenotypic testing of 104 strains Bacillus licheniformis paralicheniformis from a variety sources time periods was used to characterize the genetic background evolution (putative) antimicrobial resistance mechanisms. Core proteins were identified in draft genomes phylogenetic analysis based on single amino acid polymorphisms allowed species be separated into two phylogenetically distinct clades with one outlier. Putative genes mapped. A chromosomal ermD gene found at same location all B. paralichenformis 27% genomes. Erythromycin correlated very well presence ermD. The putative streptomycin genes, aph aadK, chromosome as adjacent loci. Variations sequence did not correlate susceptibility although less susceptible than other species. chloramphenicol (cat), encoding novel acetyltransferase protein also strains. Strains truncated CAT sensitive chloramphenicol. For four diversity context followed overall relationship. No potentially mobile elements detected their vicinity. Moreover, only distantly related previously-described cat, aph, aad erm present or Thus, these are suggested intrinsic part ancient resistomes. Since there is no evidence supporting horizontal transmission, expected add pool antibiotic considered pose risk human animal health. analysis, combined testing, proposed suitable for determining evolutionary relationships.