Reproductive and hormonal factors and the risk of nonsmall cell lung cancer

摘要: While male lung cancer incidence rates have been declining for the past two decades in U.S., increasing females only begun to stabilize recent years1. The gender-specific differences and mortality are mostly thought be attributable secular trends cigarette smoking1. It has hypothesized that women may a greater susceptibility than men same amount of smoking2,3; however, not all studies support this hypothesis4,5. Differences by gender depend, part, on exposure estrogen. Estrogen play direct role tumorigenesis, as functional estrogen receptors present normal human tissue tumors6, could interact with smoking risk accelerating metabolism smoking-derived carcinogens7. Results from observational yielded consistent findings reproductive hormonal factors, such number live births8-18, age at first birth9,11,13-17, menarche8,9,11-19, menopause8,9,12-15,17-21, use oral contraceptives8,10-12,14,15,21, menopausal hormone therapy8-15,19,22-29 women. Some these inconsistencies reflect residual confounding active or passive chance associations due small sample sizes. Few had detailed information, combined plus progesterone versus estrogen-only therapy14. The purpose study was examine whether factors associated non-small cell case-control conducted Baltimore, Maryland, which includes relatively large African-American Caucasian female cases (n=430) different comparison groups (316 hospital-based 295 population-based controls). Detailed information history, including exogenous use, collected interviews participants.