Climate variability drives anchovies and sardines into the North and Baltic Seas

摘要: Abstract European anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) and sardine (Sardina pilchardus) are southern, warm water species that prefer temperatures warmer than those found in boreal waters. After about 40 years of absence, they were again observed the 1990s increasing quantities North Sea Baltic Sea. Whereas global warming probably played a role these northward migrations, Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), Multidecadal (AMO) contraction subpolar gyre important influences. Sardine re-invaded around 1990, mainly as response to associated with strengthening NAO late 1980s. However, numbers eggs, larvae, juveniles adults have been recorded only since mid-1990s, when, particularly, summer started increase. This is result complex dynamics ocean–atmosphere coupling involving changes current structures, such gyre, AMO. Apparently, climate variability drives anchovies sardines into Seas. Here, we elucidate climatic background return northern shelf seas fish community mid-1990s variability.