The Cambridge Handbook of Expertise and Expert Performance: Professional Judgments and “Naturalistic Decision Making”

摘要: This chapter looks at expertise from the perspective of community practice known as Naturalistic Decision Making (NDM). We provide an overview emergence NDM, underlying theoretical orientation, and key NDM research. discuss impact has had on one particular domain expert judgment, military decision making. conclude by discussing applications continuing research issues in NDM. Emergence The focus is practitioners trying to figure out what do under difficult circumstances. need understand making context time pressure, uncertainty, ill-defined goals, high personal stakes was a major impetus for coalescence field study marked publication Action: Models Methods (G. A. Klein, Orasanu, Calderwood, & Zsambok, 1993). Zsambok (1997) described how this brought together contextual factors that defined NDM: identification affect way real-world occurs, contrast their counterparts traditional paradigm, evolved contribution 1989 conference (Orasanu Connolly, They are: 1. Ill-structured problems (not artificial, well-structured problems). 2. Uncertain, dynamic environments static, simulated situations). 3. Shifting, ill-defined, or competing goals clear stable goals). 4. Action/feedback loops one-shot decisions). 5. Time stress (as opposed ample tasks). 6. High situations devoid true consequences maker). […]