Spatial and temporal variations in airborne particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) across Spain 1999–2005

摘要: Abstract Average ranges of particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) concentrations chemical composition in Spain show significant variations across the country, with current PM10 levels at several industrial traffic hotspots exceeding recommended pollution limits. Such exceedances are linked to patterns anthropogenic natural PM emissions, climate, reactivity/stability species. PM2.5 reach 14–22 μg PM10 m−3 8–12 μg PM2.5 m−3 most rural/regional background sites, 25–30 μg PM10 m−3 15–20μg PM2.5 m−3 suburban 30–46 μg PM10 m−3 20–30 μg PM2.5 m−3 urban 46–50 μg PM10 m−3 30–35 μg PM2.5 m−3 heavy hotpots. Spatial distributions sulphate carbon particle maxima industrialised areas large cities (where emissions higher), nitrate increase from Atlantic Mediterranean (independent regional NOx emissions). African dust outbreaks have an influence on number daily limit value, but its additional load mean annual is only highly Southern Iberia Canary Balearic islands. The marine aerosol contribution near one order magnitude higher Canaries compared other regions. Important temporal influences include intrusion events Africa (more abundant February–March spring–summer), regional-scale episodes, weekday versus weekend activity. Higher summer insolation enhances (NH4)2SO4 depletes NO3− (as a consequence thermal instability ammonium summer) Cl− (due HCl volatilisation resulting interaction gaseous HNO3 NaCl), as well generally increasing dry resuspension under semi-arid climate. trace metal rise highest some cases (Ti, Cr, Mn, Cu, Zn, As, Sn, W, Pb) rural by over magnitude.