Emerging Threats to Forests: Resilience and Strategies at System Scale

摘要: Forests provide multiple ecosystem services that are critical to sustain societies and ecosystems. Protecting the forest systems become imperative as human demand for forest products and increase. In addition current stressors, several emerging threats pose serious implications on survival and sustainability of ecosystems. These include climatic change, invasive species, natural disasters, land use pest/diseases can severally impact ability services. There is a need for using a systems-based framework increase resilience of forest cope with these threats. We review literature these threats propose systems-framework resilience. While strategies each threat often easier, comprehensive strategies can handle specific type is required. also a further research into landscape-scale response and